Introduction

Chemical bonding explains how atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. It is one of the most important concepts in chemistry, as it determines the properties of substances and their behavior in reactions.

Types of Chemical Bonds

1. Ionic Bonds
2. Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
3. Typically occur between metals and non‑metals.
4. Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl), where sodium donates an electron to chlorine.
5. Covalent Bonds
6. Formed when atoms share pairs of electrons.
7. Usually occur between non‑metals.
8. Example: Water (H₂O), where hydrogen and oxygen share electrons.
9. Metallic Bonds
10. Found in metals where electrons are free to move throughout the structure.
11. This “sea of electrons” explains properties like conductivity and malleability.
12. Example: Copper and aluminum.

Bond Strength and Properties

1. Ionic compounds are often crystalline solids with high melting points.
2. Covalent compounds can be gases, liquids, or solids with lower melting points.
3. Metallic bonds give metals their strength, conductivity, and flexibility.

Importance of Chemical Bonding

1. Explains why substances have specific physical and chemical properties.
2. Helps predict how elements will react with each other.
3. Forms the basis for understanding advanced topics like molecular geometry, polarity, and intermolecular forces.

Real‑Life Applications

1. Medicine: Drug molecules rely on covalent bonding.
2. Construction: Ionic compounds like cement are essential materials.
3. Technology: Metallic bonding explains the use of metals in electronics.

Summary

Chemical bonding is the glue that holds matter together. By studying ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, students gain insight into how atoms interact to form the substances that make up our world.